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Agricultural Runoff: Organic Practices as a Method for Marine Conservation

Gordon’s Policy Corner has a guest author this month! This blog post was written by our Fall 2024 Policy and Communications Intern, Jazea Kalea Smith.

Being a Religious Studies major and an Oceanography minor, one might say that I’m a bit of an untraditional intern for OFRF. Besides a passion for being outdoors and a dream of running off to become a farmer I’ve harbored since I was 14, I generally live and work on the ocean side of conservation and food production. I’m happy to report that my time with OFRF, although brief, has ignited a flame in me to broaden my understanding of food systems both on land and at sea within my future academic and professional career. However, today I write from that foundational marine science perspective as we explore just how detrimental conventional agricultural runoff is for ocean health and resource viability.

Shrimp boat along the North Carolina shoreline in the light of the setting sun.

A shrimp boat drifts along the North Carolina shoreline.

This article seeks to provide context for why the continued use of conventional farming practices are unsustainable for the health of marine ecosystems, with an emphasis on fisheries. We first define what runoff is, and what its impacts are on water quality. Next, marine and estuarine systems impacts are described in depth, including the largest “dead zone” in the U.S. Then, the impacts of pesticide, herbicide, and bacterial contamination on marine life, human illness, and decrease in support for shellfish aquaculture operations. After focusing on the widespread effects, a background on the regulatory bodies and monitoring projects related to agricultural operations is provided, as well as a brief exploration of the EPA’s role. In conclusion, this blog highlights how and why organic practices inherently improve upon this crucial issue. 

What is runoff? 

Agricultural “runoff,” a type of nonpoint source pollution, refers to irrigation and rainfall originating on agricultural land that makes its way outside of the bounds of a farm site. This runoff can carry nutrients, bacteria from livestock manure, and other chemicals from poorly managed land into downstream lakes, rivers, estuaries, and coastal areas. Survey efforts, including the National Water Quality Assessment, have demonstrated that runoff from agricultural operations is the leading source of impacted water quality in the United States. Both artificial chemicals and unnatural levels of naturally occurring chemical compounds infiltrate our water supplies and can lead to devastating human health consequences. Although more research is urgently needed, there is a documented correlation between pediatric cancer rates and high levels of nitrate and the herbicide Atrazine in drinking water. Approximately 13 million households in this country are supplied with water by private wells, which are at a higher risk of contamination than public systems often are. Furthermore, runoff destabilizes soil integrity, causing destructive erosion and decreasing soil compositional health.

U.S. Geological Survey

What are the effects of runoff on marine and estuarine systems?

Twenty-one percent of the coastal waters in the U.S. contain excess levels of nutrients, and more than 80% of marine ecosystem pollution originates on land. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the primary nutrients contained in runoff, and the result of excess concentrations in marine and estuarine environments is hypoxia: oxygen concentrations of less than 2 milligrams per liter. Affected areas are commonly referred to as “dead zones,” because the overproduction and subsequent decomposition of algae decreases dissolved oxygen levels to the point where very few organisms can survive. Fish that have been subjected to hypoxia exposure additionally demonstrate abnormal behavior, lower reproduction and growth rates, a shift in the dynamics of the food web, and a decrease of overall resilience. The loss of planktonic fish eggs to hypoxic waters impacts vulnerable population numbers, often previously devastated by overfishing practices. A highly relevant example of this reaction is the Chesapeake Bay, the largest, and one of the most polluted, estuaries in the United States. The historical average (based on conditions between 1985-2023) of hypoxic waters in the Bay is 2.3-7.9 [km3]. To put this area into perspective, 1 km3 of water is the equivalent of 400,000 Olympic swimming pools! Agricultural runoff is the number one source of excess nitrogen flow into the Chesapeake, contributing 48% of the total load. 

What is a major U.S. example of a “dead zone” and its widespread impacts?

The largest dead zone in the United States runs along the coast of eastern Texas and all of Louisiana, with a staggering 6,705 square miles of hypoxic waters recorded in the summer of 2024. Runoff from farms throughout the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin, which comprises 31 states and two Canadian provinces, empties into the Gulf more than 70% of the excess nitrogen load and more than 80% of the phosphorus load. Not only does runoff play a role in impacting healthy waters and biodiversity, but it’s estimated that the Gulf of Mexico dead zone has led to economic losses of approximately $2.4 billion annually since 1980. These losses largely stem from the increasing lack of viability of shrimp fisheries, most prominently brown shrimp, as well as the Atlantic croaker and oyster fisheries. Economic hardship for commercial fishers paired with deprivation of Cultural ecosystem services (CES), the intangible benefits garnered from living and working with industries dependent on interaction with ecosystems, have the potential to devastate livelihoods. These services are understudied yet often indispensable to the health of the affected communities. 

How does pesticide, herbicide, and bacterial contamination affect marine life?

In addition to the widespread effects of fertilizer over-application, the USGS estimates that 500,000 tons of pesticides are applied to U.S. crop fields annually. Chlorpyrifos are a widely applied organophosphate pesticide that is highly toxic to most marine and freshwater organisms. Further, the most commonly used herbicide in conventional agriculture worldwide is glyphosate, which has been directly linked to alterations in foraging, predator evasion, and mating behavior in aquatic species. These changes compromise the ability of aquatic organisms to survive and reproduce, and a rise in ocean temperatures correlated with global climate change also poses significant future risk—under higher temperatures, static concentrations of glyphosate-based formulations’ and chlorpyrifos’ toxicity and lethal potential for marine life grows. 

Finally, research shows that bacterial contamination derived from the application of uncomposted, raw manure slurry as a fertilizer and concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) pose a risk to marine life and aquatic organisms broadly. Manure is generally considered an organic fertilizer, depending on its source, and is used on certified organic farms in conjunction with other soil conservation techniques designed to minimize runoff and stabilize soil. It’s been determined that 30% of surface-applied manure on conventionally cultivated corn fields (the most planted U.S. crop by acreage) is never incorporated, resulting in lower nutrient retention and economic losses. 16.3% of corn fields are treated with manure fertilizer. Incorporation of manure into the soil, a more commonly used organic farming practice, has been examined in recent studies and was shown to decrease runoff potential, preventing manure-borne pathogens such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Vibrio from entering greater watershed areas.

How can contamination cause human illness and hurt sustainable aquaculture efforts?

Exposure to these pathogens in marine bivalves (planktonic filter-feeders) can increase the hazards of human consumption of raw shellfish, potentially reducing demand for farmed shellfish. Oyster, clam, and mussel farms are being adopted as a solution to eutrophication (high nutrient influx and subsequent algal blooms), so public acceptance and confidence in farmed shellfish is more critical than ever. Regarding fisheries broadly, bioaccumulation, the process by which chemicals such as those in pesticides and herbicides build up in organisms when they cannot be metabolized or excreted faster than they are taken in, can lead to obesity, cancer, endocrine disruption, and more in human consumers.

How is agricultural runoff monitored and regulated in the U.S.? 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the primary federal agency that facilitates water quality monitoring and protection, and provides funding for numerous long-term research projects. The EPA collaborates with and supports many federal, state, and regional departments that support water quality assessments. At the federal level, highly involved agencies include the United States Geological Survey (facilitator of the National Water Quality Program), the  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office for Coastal Management, and the United States Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA NRCS). 

Section 319 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) created the Nonpoint Source Management Program, providing grants to U.S. states and territories for the purpose of increasing regional involvement in runoff mitigation. $178 million was appropriated in 2022 for this program, funneled towards resources such as public educational programing, technical and financial aid, demonstration projects, and monitoring. 22,500 watershed projects have been funded under Section 319 since 2000, successfully improving water quality across the country. Additionally, the National Nonpoint Source Monitoring Program (NNPSMP) was established under Section 319, and is intended to provide proof of the viability of nonpoint source control methods.

What is the “Total Maximum Daily Load” and how is it achieved?

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) limits are required by the CWA in impaired watersheds, subject to National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System regulations (which specifically address point source pollution), set by each state, and confirmed by the EPA. TMDLs must factor in seasonal variability and build in a “margin of safety.” They are designed to ensure that waterways meet water quality standards for toxic pollutants. In 2014, the Chesapeake Bay TMDL was set at a limit of 12.5 million pounds of phosphorus, 185.9 million pounds of nitrogen, and 6.45 billion pounds of sediment annually entering the estuary. In comparison to 2009, these limits represent a 25% nitrogen decrease, 24% phosphorus decrease, and 20% sediment influx decrease. To reach these reductions, nutrient management planning is a mandatory step in the large farm permitting process in many states, including Maryland, Vermont, California, and Washington. In order for production to legally commence on any operation in these states, a plan with a detailed layout of the status of the land (including soil tests) and records of nutrient application timing must annually be submitted to the state.

Research has found that there are Best Management Practices (BMPs) that can mitigate pollution, like cover cropping and forest buffers, and are sometimes prescribed by state agencies and regional organizations to reach TMDL restrictions. Organic practices oftentimes align with BMPs, and are being increasingly adopted by farmers, largely with the assistance of incentive programs; 39% of farmland in Pennsylvania’s Chesapeake watershed implemented cover cropping between 2016 and 2021, versus 5% of the broader U.S. Runoff forecasts have also been identified as a crucial aid to farming operations, allowing farmers to make informed decisions about when to apply inputs to avoid storm events. Check out these interactive maps from NOAA on runoff risk in 5 U.S. states.

Why do the harmful effects of runoff continue to increase?

NOAA has set a goal to reduce the 5-year average extent of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone down to 1,900 square miles by 2035, and to bring nutrient runoff down 20% by 2025. However, despite successful efforts to increase compliance, the levels of runoff have not decreased significantly in the wake of the setting of these deadlines; in contrast, between 2012 and 2022, the underground drainage tube network has increased by 9.5% and hog production increased 12%. Between 2016 and 2020, combined synthetic fertilizer sales in Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Minnesota increased by 10.6%. From the climate change perspective, spring storm frequency in the Midwest is climbing, allowing less time for pesticide and fertilizer application to absorb before entering drainage pathways. 

NOAA’s Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program is a joint effort with the EPA to support states with guidance on management practices for addressing runoff from five nonpoint sources, of which agriculture is one. Management measures to be applied by states (required under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990) include erosion prevention tactics such as conservation tillage. The application of pesticides that are the “most environmentally benign” and 3-year cycle nutrient management plans are additional mandatory measures. Cover cropping, green manure incorporation, and crop rotations are non-required but recommended management practices under the CZARA. As the aforementioned research tells us, the most prevalent pesticides in the U.S. today carry a wide variety of environmental and human health dangers. Runoff risk is on the rise with increasing toxicity of many of the commonly found chemicals, even if overall American usage may be declining.

Enforcement success has been plagued by the simple fact that many of these departments are spread thin. Within the Chesapeake Bay watershed, the Maryland Department of the Environment only employed three people who were assigned to conduct in-person inspections at poultry operations. Nutrient management plans of 5,000 farms in the state were monitored by nine Maryland Department of Agriculture employees. This is seemingly the case for many agencies throughout the country. Given the sheer number of farms and CAFOs in the U.S., enforcement can be seen as a challenging logistical endeavor and largely the product of limited departmental funding.

How does organic agriculture support marine conservation and ecosystem health?

Ingrained within the organic farming methodology are many courses of action for reducing agricultural runoff through rebuilding soil health. Practices that are in line with organic systems such as crop rotation and cover cropping have been shown to lead to increased nitrogen availability and soil stabilization. No-till and conservation till methods protect soil integrity and are associated with lower risks of runoff. However, they are a major challenge for organic farmers. In some cases, runoff risk may be lessened on organic farms still using tillage when combined with cover cropping and compost application, by growing active soil organic carbon concentrations. Although organic farmers can utilize nutrient-dense inputs like chicken litter or composted manure to maximize crop yield and quality of product, standard practices allow for operations to infrequently rely on fertilizers alone. Use of “green manure,” often legume plants that are grown and incorporated into fields, can significantly increase nitrogen availability for the primary crop. 

The most fundamental practice associated with organic farming is a clear solution to runoff-caused marine ecosystem damage: the strict prohibition of chemical pesticide and herbicide application. The evidence that these chemicals are invading human and animal communities is strong, and the correlation between exposure to many of the commonly utilized conventional products and illness is well-studied. Reframing this issue as an environmental injustice is critically important to fully convey the human impacts of chemical usage: BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) communities are disproportionately impacted by exposure to environmental pollutants. Organic systems are more aligned with TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge) by emphasizing comprehensive understanding of the landscape and natural processes that can be utilized for sustainable production.

Organic farming is a sustainable farming method that is constantly evolving and improving, and is consistent with the goals of decreasing runoff and protecting both marine environments and human communities. Because we face these issues alongside a rapidly changing climate, acting as stewards of ocean biodiversity is more essential than ever; advocacy for organic agriculture can truly be interpreted as a serious climate and coastal pollution mitigation tactic. 

If you want to learn more about the impact of agricultural runoff on the two largest estuaries in the United States, watch this PBS Frontline documentary on coastal pollution in the Puget Sound and Chesapeake Bay.

If you want to get active in helping OFRF advocate for expanded technical and financial services for organic producers, and the research programs that inform them, please reach out! 

As Gordon says, eat well and breathe deep,

Jazea

By |2024-12-24T16:57:17+00:00December 5th, 2024|Gordon's Policy Corner, News|
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Advancing Organic Agriculture: Sharing Fire Blight Research with Rep. DeLauro’s Office

Written by guest author Dr. Quan Zeng, Plant Pathologist, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

Recently, I had the opportunity to join Gordon Merrick, Senior Policy & Programs Manager at the Organic Farming Research Foundation, in a meeting with staff from Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro’s office, the ranking member of the House Appropriations Committee. I was proud to be able to share my research on organic methods of fighting fire blight, a devastating bacterial disease that affects apple and pear orchards, to help illustrate how federal research funding is vital for both organic and conventional agriculture systems. 

Researcher Quan Zeng standing in front of a brick wall, wearing black-rimmed glasses and smiling at the cameraAs a plant pathologist, my work focuses on bacterial plant pathogens, specifically Erwinia amylovora, the cause of fire blight. This disease poses a serious threat to apple and pear production in the United States. It primarily spreads through flowers and shoots, and can even be transported throughout the tree through their xylem, which generally results in death of the tree. This can lead to orchard-wide epidemics, already resulting in over $100 million of economic damage annually. Climate change has brought its own complications to this disease, with its warming temperatures and wetter weather.

Organic producers face an even greater challenge, as they cannot use antibiotics like streptomycin after they were banned in organic production in 2014 due to concerns of antibiotic resistance and ecological impact. While this shift was necessary to protect the effectiveness of commercially important antibiotics, it created a pressing need for alternative methods of control. Through projects awarded funding through the Organic Research and Extension Initiative (OREI), I have been collaborating with researchers and growers to develop organic-compliant strategies to manage fire blight. 

fire blight affects the leaves of an apple tree causing browning and curlingOne promising solution involves using a naturally occurring yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans, to protect apple flowers by inducing the plant’s natural defenses. This biologically-based control method has shown effectiveness comparable to antibiotics for controlling fire blight, though there are some complications relating to fruit russeting, a purely cosmetic issue, from treated blooms.

To refine and improve these control methods, my team is working with six organic orchards across Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island. Together, we’re testing new yeast strains and integrated management strategies to maximize disease control while minimizing side effects like russeting. This hands-on collaboration with farmers is a central pillar of OREI and is critical to developing successful, practical, and impactful solutions. 

The progress we’ve made in controlling fire blight would not be possible without support from USDA research programs like OREI and the Organic Transitions Program (ORG). These programs provide essential funding for research that studies the issues and extension efforts to operationalize the research, ultimately helping all growers address complex challenges like fire blight. Although organic farmers cannot use antibiotics, many conventional operations are also facing the reality of antibiotic resistance and are increasingly turning to organic controls like my research. 

During our meeting with Rep. DeLauro’s staff, I was inspired by the Congresswoman’s commitment to advancing agricultural research. She understands that investing in science is key to improving agricultural sustainability and productivity. Her support and advocacy for programs like OREI and ORG are crucial to allow research and extension programs to continue to answer farmers’ questions and support their operations with sound science. 

I am excited to be able to collaborate with the Organic Farming Research Foundation in meeting with Rep. DeLauro’s office to talk about these important issues. Collaborations like this, between researchers, policymakers, and organizations, are essential to addressing the challenges facing our food systems. By ensuring continued investment in research, we can equip farmers with the tools they need to protect their orchards, feed their communities, and sustain their livelihoods.

Use Your Voice

Interested in sharing your research with legislators and advocating for continued investment in organic research? Watch a recording of OFRF’s free workshop, Communicating with Legislators. This educational workshop is designed to equip researchers within the organic farming community with the tools and resources they need to effectively engage with and educate policymakers about the impact of their work.

Watch Recording

By |2024-12-06T19:02:47+00:00December 4th, 2024|News|
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Returning to My Roots

Growing as an Advocate and Farmer Through My Internship with OFRF

Written by Dakota Moore. Dakota was a Research & Education Intern with OFRF for summer and fall, 2024. Here he shares a guest post reflecting on his experiences and lessons learned.

As I wrap up my internship with the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF), I find myself reflecting on the wealth of knowledge, connections, and inspiration I’ve gained during this transformative experience. Serving as a Research and Education Intern has been more than just an opportunity to contribute; it’s been a chance to grow as a professional, a farmer, and an advocate for organic agriculture.

During my time at OFRF, I had the privilege of engaging with some of the most current and impactful research in the organic farming sector. Supporting the development of OFRF’s online research hub introduced me to loads of peer-reviewed studies and resources on topics ranging from soil health and water dynamics to weed suppression and innovative crop management practices. Diving into these materials not only expanded my technical knowledge but also reinforced the critical role of research in shaping sustainable agriculture.

A screenshot of Dakota Moore presenting at the Seeds of Success virtual webinar on transitioning to organic. The slide shows an image of him and his father next to an antique tractor, and lists three reasons they decided to transition their farm to organic production.I also had the unique opportunity to join OFRF’s Seeds of Success webinar series. I was a presenter in the session “Adding the O: Farmer Perspectives on Transitioning to Organic”. Sharing insights with a diverse audience of organic farmers, educators, and advocates was both an honor and a testament to how far I’ve come in my organic journey. The experience deepened my understanding of the challenges and opportunities within the organic sector while emphasizing the importance of collaboration and education.

With this wealth of knowledge, I am excited to return to my family’s operation, Moore Family Farms, as farm manager. My father and I have been working together to revitalize our farm’s legacy, established in 1833, through organic, sustainable, and regenerative practices. Armed with new strategies and resources from OFRF, I am eager to apply what I’ve learned to improve soil health, implement effective crop rotations, and strengthen our resilience against environmental challenges.

In addition to managing the farm, I am actively seeking career opportunities within the organic sector. Whether it’s through research, education, or advocacy, I want to continue contributing to initiatives that support organic farmers and advance sustainable practices. The insights I’ve gained at OFRF have ignited a passion for connecting farmers with the tools and information they need to succeed, and I’m excited to carry this forward into my next chapter.

I am incredibly thankful to the team at OFRF for their support and mentorship throughout this internship. This experience has been instrumental in shaping my perspective on organic agriculture and reaffirming my commitment to this field. From discovering new research to sharing insights in webinars, I leave this role with a deeper understanding of the organic sector and a renewed drive to make a difference.

As I return to my roots on the farm and explore new professional paths, I carry with me the lessons and inspiration gained at OFRF. To those considering a role in organic farming or advocacy, I encourage you to dive in. There’s so much to learn, share, and grow.

Here’s to a future of sustainable agriculture and organic success!

Black and white image of Dakota Moore, farmer, and former OFRF intern.

Dakota Moore

Farm Manager and Organic Advocate, Moore Family Farms

By |2024-12-24T16:57:35+00:00November 24th, 2024|News|
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A Landscape Shift: Opportunities and Challenges for Organic Agriculture Under a Trump Administration

This year’s election results have brought with them a significant shift in the political landscape in Washington, which will undoubtedly influence food and agriculture policy at the federal level.  While every presidential election brings change, the dynamics of this year’s tumultuous election are particularly significant. With a Trump presidency and a solid, multi-seat Republican majority in the Senate, the USDA will likely be shaped and directed in line with the new administration’s vision. The House remains an open question, but current projections suggest the Republican majority will at least be maintained, if not strengthened.

What does this mean for the Organic Farming Research Foundation and organic agriculture at large?  We are stepping into a period of uncertainty, with many unanswered questions about Congressional priorities and the coming USDA leadership and their associated agenda. For context, during Trump’s previous presidency, the USDA’s cabinet position was last to be nominated, January 18th, 2017, suggesting that this agricultural leadership and direction may not come quickly. We must remain nimble and on our toes until we understand the priorities this new administration plans to act on.

A Potentially Hostile Funding Environment

Winter cereals, winter grains, fall cereals, fall grains, or autumn-sown grains wheat field in early spring in fog. First green shoots of winter wheat.

Over the next two years at least, we anticipate facing a very challenging financial climate in Congress. Budget allocations for agricultural research, technical assistance, and conservation funding may be targeted as an opportunity for budget cuts. The push for austerity measures could represent significant hurdles for securing the resources organic farmers and researchers need. But, even among these challenges there are potential opportunities.

One factor worth noting is the influence of Robert Kennedy Jr. on Trump’s campaign. RFK Jr. has voiced support for certain agricultural values that align with organic and regenerative organic production. It remains unclear how much sway he will hold in shaping agricultural policy, as Trump has made many unkept promises in the past. But, this alignment opens up the possibility for strong bipartisan support for organic agriculture research. Recent meetings OFRF staff have had with conservative members of Congress have revealed some exciting interest in organic agriculture. While we cannot rely on this support alone, it does represent an opportunity for expanding organic agriculture.

Our Path Forward: Advocating for Organic Farmers

Despite the uncertainty and potential funding challenges, our mission remains the same: 

“Organic Farming Research Foundation works to foster the improvement and widespread adoption of organic farming systems. OFRF cultivates organic research, education, and federal policies that bring more farmers and acreage into organic production.“

As outlined in our new strategic plan, our policy work will continue to focus on advocating for organic farmers, and ensuring that the research programs and supports they depend on are not only preserved, but expanded. Our strategic plan emphasizes several key areas:

  • Securing Funding for Organic Research: We will continue to make the case for robust investments in organic agriculture research. The data is clear: organic practices benefit not only certified organic farmers but also conventional farmers who adopt sustainable techniques, improving soil health, reducing chemical dependency, and increasing resilience to climate change.
  • Promoting Organic as Climate-Smart Agriculture: We will work to ensure that organic systems are recognized as essential tools for climate mitigation and adaptation. Organic practices are proven to enhance carbon sequestration and conserve water, and we will highlight these benefits in discussions with policymakers.
  • Building a Lasting Bipartisan Community: We recognize that the best way to advance our priorities is through collaboration. Our strategy will include building and leveraging relationships across the aisle, making organic agriculture a bright spot in bipartisan conversations.

The potential for bipartisan support hinges on our ability to communicate the universal benefits of organic research. Research investments not only support organic certification standards but also generate best practices that conventional operations can use to reduce inputs and build healthier ecosystems. This broad appeal makes organic agriculture a rare unifier in a divisive political environment.

As we navigate this changing landscape, we call on our community to stay engaged. We will be developing a variety of ways you can get involved if you’re interested. The influence of grassroots advocacy cannot be underestimated, especially when we emphasize how organic practices contribute to healthier soils, cleaner water, and more resilient food systems for everyone. Keep an eye out for those tools and resources early next year!

Our Commitment

Regardless of the makeup of Congress or the Executive Branch, our commitment to organic farmers and sustainable agriculture will not waver. We will continue to fight for research programs and policy supports that empower farmers to adopt practices that are good for the planet and their bottom line. The winds of change in Washington sometimes shrouds our path forward, but our mission to foster the improvement and widespread adoption of organic farming systems remains unshakeable.

Stay tuned, stay engaged, and know that we are here, as always, working tirelessly to ensure that organic agriculture has a seat at the table and a voice in the conversation.

Eat well and breathe deeply,

Gordon

By |2024-11-08T13:08:04+00:00November 8th, 2024|Gordon's Policy Corner, News|
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Farmer-Led Trials Program Spotlight: Trouvaille Farm

Written by Mary Hathaway, OFRF’s Research & Education Program Manager

female organic farmer in Ohio inspects pepper plants as part of an on-farm research trial

Lindsay Klaunig, Trouvaille Farm

In the hills of Southeastern Ohio you will find Lindsay Klaunig on her farm: Trouvaille Farm. While she has been a grower for more than 20 years, this her seventh season as owner and operator of Trouvaille Farm, something that the name itself acknowledges (Trouvaille means lucky find).  

The farm landscape is a patchwork of diversity. There are grass-fed beef and goats on pasture, heirloom crops on the ridge tops and fruit trees throughout the farm. Many of the open-pollinated varieties are being grown to maturity and processed as seed crops, to be sold through small regional seed companies. 

Lindsay manages the land using regenerative, organic practices and focuses on building healthy soil, and increasing biodiversity so that she can provide nutritious food for her family and neighbors. To avoid using pesticides, there are insectaries, rows of flowering plants that attract beneficial insects, throughout the farm that naturally keep pests under control.

Open Pollinated Seeds for Climate-Resilience

As a seed grower, it is important for Lindsay to have access to varieties that are regionally adapted and able to thrive in low-input systems. She sees the opportunity of open-pollinated seed varieties as a tool that is vital as the climate changes and modern hybrids may not have the same capacity to thrive in severe weather events. Seeds from open-pollinated varieties can be saved by the grower and selected for those that best meet the demands of their own particular climate, growing systems and market. This is ever more important for growers using organic systems, where farmers look to cover crops and compost for soil fertility rather than synthetic fertilizers.

In recent years, the extremes of heat and drought have been a major challenge for many of her long-season summer crops, like tomatillos and peppers. Lindsay has been interested in trying shade cloth on her peppers to help nurture them through extreme weather conditions, but she wasn’t sure if it would have a negative effect on fruit set or seed production. After learning about OFRF’s Farmer-Led Trial program, she decided this would be a relatively risk-averse way to see the impact of this growing practice on her harvest.

Farm trial plan

Plot map – legend S= shade; N= no shade

After considering some of the logistics of on-farm research trials with OFRF staff, Lindsay was able to develop a question that would help her decide if shade cloth would help, or hurt her seed harvest. The trial was further narrowed down to peppers. Research Questions: Will using shade cloth improve fruit set in pepper plants grown for seed? And if so, will that lead to early mature harvest and overall higher yields? 

The trial was designed as a paired comparison with the treatments being peppers that were given 35% black netting shade cloth vs. peppers that received no shade cloth. The measurements Lindsay decided upon were to weigh the fresh fruit harvested and the fresh and dried seed weight in addition to taking basic fruit quality observations. Since she often sells her peppers for seeds, rather than as fresh fruit, this was the most helpful measurement for her production practices.

Trial updates

Harvest data is almost complete, with the first harvests beginning in late September, much later than expected due to the extreme drought conditions. Once the harvests are complete, Lindsay and the OFRF staff are excited to see the results and impact of shade cloth on pepper production.

“Every season we adjust our growing methods and try out new techniques. But inevitably the season gets busy, we lose track of outcomes and end up with incomplete impressions of what worked or didn’t. With the FLT program, I had support in designing a solid project, and funds to allow me allocate time and focus to data collection and analysis.”

– Lindsay Klaunig, Trouvaille Farm

seed saving from organic pepper research trial
Trouvaille Farm farmer-led trial organic peppers
harvesting peppers for on-farm research at Trouvaille Farm in Ohio
shade net over organic peppers during on-farm research at Trouvaille Farm in Ohio

This story is part of a series profiling farmers who are taking part in OFRF’s Farmer-Led Trials (FLT) program. Farmers receive technical support from OFRF to address their challenges through structured on-farm trials. To learn more about OFRF Farmer-Led Trials Program, visit our website page at https://ofrf.org/research/farmer-led-research-trials/

To learn more about bell pepper research, click the following link: Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Crop as Affected by Shade Level: Fruit Yield, Quality, and Postharvest Attributes, and Incidence of Phytophthora Blight (caused by Phytophthora capsici Leon.)

To learn more about Trouvaille Farm, visit https://www.trouvaillefarm.com/

By |2024-12-06T15:38:13+00:00November 7th, 2024|Farmer Stories, FLT Highlight, News|
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Charting a Bold Path Forward

OFRF’s New Strategic Plan (2024-2029)

By OFRF staff

At the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF), we’ve always been guided by our commitment to fostering the improvement and widespread adoption of organic farming systems. Our mission remains at the heart of everything we do: to cultivate organic research, education, and federal policies that help bring more farmers and acreage into organic production. And now, with the approval of our 2024-2029 strategic plan, we’re more focused and energized than ever to make this vision a reality.

“We are thrilled to unveil our new five-year strategic plan, representing a significant step forward for OFRF and the organic farming community. This plan not only reinforces our commitment to fostering organic agriculture but also sets ambitious goals to broaden our community and deepen our commitment to equity. These goals will guide our efforts over the next five years, ensuring that organic farming is recognized as the leading form of agriculture, benefiting both farmers and the planet.” – April Thatcher, President of OFRF’s Board of Directors and founder and farmer of April Joy Farm.

Our new strategic plan sets the course for the next five years, outlining ambitious goals that align with our mission, vision, and values. It’s a roadmap that builds on our foundation, adapts to the challenges of today, and prepares us for the future of organic farming.

Why We’re Excited About This Plan

This plan reflects who we are as an organization and what we stand for. It represents a collective effort—from staff, board members, and farmers—coming together to set priorities to move organic farming forward.

At the core of the plan are some exciting initiatives we can’t wait to share.

Supporting Farmers, Listening to Their Needs 

Farmers are at the heart of everything we do at OFRF, and our strategic plan strengthens this commitment. By regularly gathering feedback from organic and transitioning producers, we’ll launch new initiatives to directly support growers, shape research and education around their most pressing challenges, and create stronger connections between farmers, researchers, and local organizations. From creating more structured opportunities for farmers to share their insights, which will help guide our work, to new resources addressing climate threats—we’re focused on ensuring farmers have the tools they need to thrive while leading the way in building resilient, sustainable farming systems.

Advancing Climate Solutions Through Organic Practices

We know that organic farming can be a powerful tool in mitigating climate change. Our plan prioritizes efforts to expand the role of organic systems in climate resilience and sustainability. We’ll be working on campaigns and educational efforts to showcase the real-world, on-the-ground benefits of organic farming in addressing climate challenges.

Expanding Research and Education Opportunities

Over the next five years, we’re committed to expanding the availability and access to science-based resources for farmers, ranchers, and ag professionals. Our Organic Research Hub (coming soon!) will serve as a central platform for sharing innovative research and practical applications in an easy-to-use way that promotes the long-term success of organic farming systems.

Building Our Advocacy Work

We are expanding our advocacy work to ensure that the voices of organic farmers are heard at the highest levels of decision-making. We will continue to represent the needs of farmers in Washington, D.C., and in the halls of Congress, advocating for policies and USDA programs that advance organic agriculture. By doing so, we aim to create a more equitable and supportive landscape for all farmers striving to farm more sustainably.

Deepening Our Commitment to Equity and Inclusion

Organic farming can only thrive if it’s accessible and inclusive. Our strategic plan emphasizes our responsibility to dismantle systemic barriers within agriculture and to foster a diverse and equitable food system. We’ll continue to amplify BIPOC farmer voices, increase outreach to underserved communities, and work toward a food system that benefits everyone.

What’s Next for OFRF

This plan is about more than setting goals—it’s about making meaningful change. With our new strategic priorities in place, we’re eager to roll up our sleeves and get to work on the specific actions that will drive the organic movement forward.

We’ve set ambitious goals for the next five years, and we know we’ll need the support of our community—farmers, researchers, partners, and advocates—to make them a reality. Together, we will take bold steps to ensure that organic farming not only grows but leads the way in creating healthy, resilient people, ecosystems, and economies.

“As we embark on this exciting journey with our new strategic plan, we’re committed to fostering collaboration and inclusivity within the organic farming community. Together, we can address the challenges ahead and work toward a sustainable future that benefits all farmers and our planet. We look forward to engaging with each of you as we turn our vision into action.” – Keith Richards, Chair of OFRF’s Board of Directors.

This is just the beginning, and we invite you to join us on this journey. Stay tuned for more updates as we begin to implement our plan and see the impact it will have on the future of organic agriculture.

Let’s work together to create a stronger, more sustainable future through organic farming. Subscribe to our newsletter to stay informed about our progress and ways to support our work.

By |2024-10-28T15:46:01+00:00October 29th, 2024|News|
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OFRF Hosts Congressional Organic Research Field Day at USDA Salinas ARS Station

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Local lawmakers and agricultural leaders tour Salinas ARS station, emphasizing the need for expanded funding for organic farming research.

SANTA CRUZ, Calif., Oct. 23, 2024 — The Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF) hosted Representative Zoe Lofgren (CA-18) and Representative Jimmy Panetta (CA-19) and their staff alongside agricultural leaders and stakeholders for a field day visit to the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Salinas station. The visit highlighted the critical organic farming research led by Dr. Eric Brennan, emphasizing the need for increased funding to ensure the continuity and expansion of this impactful work.

Dr. Brennan’s research focuses on climate-smart and organic farming practices, particularly cover cropping and improved soil management. His efforts have provided practical, science-based solutions that boost farm resilience, reduce environmental impact, and enhance sustainability for both organic and conventional producers. However, despite the success of these projects, funding has remained stagnant since the mid-2000s, risking the loss of essential expertise and research advancements. OFRF commends Representatives Lofgren and Panetta for their active interest and support in championing organic agriculture. Their leadership is vital to advancing organic research, which benefits farmers, consumers, and the environment. In the greater Bay Area, from Monterey to Sonoma counties, over 1,550 organic producers are generating nearly $1.4 billion in annual gross sales—underscoring the significance of organic agriculture as a significant economic driver in this region.

“The 18th Congressional District is home to a thriving agricultural industry, and thanks to the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service Salinas station, it is also a hub for cutting-edge organic ag research,” said Congresswoman Lofgren. “Scientists’ work to mitigate crop diseases and promote sustainable production practices will help protect farmers’ livelihoods and preserve America’s food supply in the long term. In Congress, I will continue to support initiatives that advance our understanding of organic crops and boost the ag economy in California and nationwide.”

“Our farmers on the Central Coast rely on a robust R&D pipeline to share the bounty of our home with the rest of the world,” said Rep. Panetta. “The work of local researchers at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Station Salinas is helping to improve soil health, pest management, and climate resilience for organic and conventional farms in California’s 19th Congressional District and across the country. I look forward to ensuring that the federal government plays its part so that our innovation continues to bolster our agriculture.”

Despite organic agriculture’s growing market share, less than one percent of ARS funding is allocated to organic research, which has limited innovation and support for organic producers. OFRF has advocated for more robust funding for these initiatives, emphasizing their broader benefits, including enhanced soil health, reduced pesticide use, and improved economic and environmental resilience for farmers.

“Over 20 years ago, OFRF successfully advocated for Congress to create a research position at USDA’s Salinas station to focus specifically on organic farming,” said Brise Tencer, Executive Director of OFRF. “Dr. Brennan’s work has directly helped regional producers implement good soil health practices, advance climate-friendly agriculture, and dramatically increase the number of acres with cover crops in California. This is the type of research investment we want to see more of.”

Dr. Brennan’s research has led to improved soil health, higher crop yields, and more sustainable pest and weed management practices, empowering farmers across the region to thrive in an increasingly competitive market. However, to maintain and expand this research, the project requires an additional $1.5 million annually, which would support hiring a second scientist and broaden the project’s scope to address emerging challenges in organic farming.

Field day attendees reiterated the vital role of ongoing research in promoting organic and sustainable farming practices, stressing the need for increased funding to ensure the project’s long-term success. The event brought together leaders from the agricultural sector, including:

Following the field tours, discussions sparked several critical insights regarding the importance of continued investment in organic agriculture research. Here are the key takeaways from the event:

  • Resilience and Climate Adaptation: Investing in organic agriculture research builds resilience against climate change, providing regionally relevant solutions for organic management.
  • High Return on Investment: For every dollar invested in agricultural research, there is a $20 return to the economy, benefiting rural communities and local businesses.
  • National Demand for Organic Products: Continued research is essential to closing the gap between domestic production and growing consumer demand for organic products, reducing reliance on imports.

For more information and to stay updated on policy developments, sign up for OFRF’s newsletter featuring Gordon’s Policy Corner, a monthly update from our Senior Policy & Programs Manager.

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About Organic Farming Research Foundation

About OFRF: The Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF), headquartered in Santa Cruz, California, with a remote team based across the U.S., works to foster the improvement and widespread adoption of organic farming systems. OFRF cultivates organic research, education, and federal policies that bring more farmers and acreage into organic production. For more information about OFRF, please visit our website: http://www.ofrf.org/. 

Media Contact:
Ashley Dulaney, Communications Director, OFRF
ashley@ofrf.orf
P.O. Box 440, Santa Cruz, CA 95061

Dr. Eric Brennan addressing group of attendees at field day visit at USDA ARS station in Salinas, California
group photo at field day visit; left to right: Brise Tencer (OFRF, Executive Director), Rep. Zoe Lofgren (CA-18), Rep. Jimmy Panetta (CA-19), Dr. Eric Brennan (USDA ARS, Salinas)
Rep. Zoe Lofgren observing organic crops with Dr. Eric Brennan
Rep. Zoe Lofgren talking with OFRF Executive Director Brise Tencer with Rep. Jimmy Panetta to her left
Photo of organic fields at USDA ARS station in Salinas, Califronia (mustard growing between the strawberry beds)
Dr. Eric Brennan showing organic crops to attendee of field day visit
By |2024-12-05T21:13:52+00:00October 28th, 2024|News, Press Release|
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Planting for Resilience

Reflections on Cover Crops and the Vital Role They Play in Organic Farming

By April Thatcher, farmer at April Joy Farm and OFRF Board President

cover crop seeds including oats, radish, vetch, barley, and red clover.

Cover Crop Seed at AJF | Oats, radish, vetch, barley, and red clover.

Cover crops are a central part of balance on my Southwest Washington farm. In fact, they’re a vital tool in organic systems across the United States, helping to regenerate the soil, suppress weeds, and build resilience in the face of a changing climate. And yet, I’ll admit, for all their benefits, cover crops have been a source of some head-scratching moments for me over the years.

When I first started using cover crops, I had a lot of questions—many of the same ones I still hear from other new growers today.

  • What mix of plants will work best with my soil type, climate, and crop needs? 
  • How do I know my cover crops are adding value to my system?
  • What type of equipment do I need to manage cover crops successfully?
  • And perhaps the most common question I get from fellow farmers is: How do I transition from a lush, green cover crop to a seedbed ready for planting without disturbing the soil too much?

Organic farming is a relationship between the land and the farmer, and I think of cover cropping as one big, ongoing conversation in this relationship. It’s a journey of experimentation, observation, learning, and refining techniques year after year. Each piece of land, each crop, and each season calls for a different approach, and what works for one farmer might not work for another. 

On my farm, I’ve spent years experimenting with different cover crop mixes and timing strategies. I currently use a mix of cover crops—grasses, legumes, and broadleafs—depending on what I observe the soil needs. Legumes like peas and clover can add nitrogen to the soil, while deep-rooted crops like daikon radishes help break up compacted layers and improve soil structure. The key for me is to support functional diversity—both above and below the ground.

The Role of Cover Crops in a Living Soil System

When we treat soil as simply a medium to grow crops, we miss out on the extraordinary potential it has to regenerate life, sequester carbon, improve the nutritional value of our food, reduce off farm inputs, and to act as a buffer against the many challenges we face today. 

Cover crops are a powerful tool to help unlock this potential. These crops are not meant to be harvested but rather are grown specifically to feed the soil. When used strategically, cover crops can help reduce soil erosion, capture and recycle nutrients, promote nitrogen fixation, increase organic matter, suppress weeds, and even manage pests—all while nurturing the living, complex web of life in our soils. 

Cover crops are a critical tool in the organic farmer’s tool box to help build resilience on the ground—not just in the soil but in our entire farm ecosystem. And that resilience is more important now than ever as climate change presents erratic new challenges to farmers across the country.

Lessons from the Field: Cover Cropping in Practice

A green tree frog perched on the leaf of a kale plant in an organic farm field.

Cover Crop Kale | Sometimes, we don’t mow or turn under our market crops after we’ve finished harvesting. We underseed cover crops directly into these fields because, like cover crops, these plants continue to provide benefits for our system. Case in point- this tree frog has it made in the shade. Photo credit: Lauren Ruhe

I’ve learned over the years that there is no one “right” way to utilize cover crops. I’ve surrendered to the reality that on highly diversified operations like mine, cover cropping is always going to be a process of experimentation, observation, and refinement. What works one year might not work exactly the same the next, and that’s okay. If we are observant and committed to keeping records of our trials, we can glean important knowledge every season of the year. The goal isn’t perfection; it’s progress.

After eighteen years of working with cover crops on my 24 acre farm, here’s a bit of what I have gleaned – what I would tell my new-farmer-self if I could:

  • Start simple and make small adjustments to your basic cover crop plan year over year. When I first started utilizing cover crops I was overly enthusiastic. Every year I’d try a bunch of different, complex seed mixes to try and find the perfect one. That was a mistake. I wish I’d stuck with a simple mix of two or three species (grass/legume/broadleaf) for the first few years. If I had done so, and made small refinements year over year, (adjust seeding rates, sowing dates, etc.) it would have saved me time in the long run. Instead of changing way too many variables every year, I would have built up a steady, reliable mix customized to my system faster- one that incrementally added stacking benefits to my system year over year. 
  • Pick only one (or two at most) goals. I had so many needs when I started using cover crops. I had soil compaction, low nitrogen, low organic matter levels, and erosion and leaching to worry about. But starting out, I would have been better off picking just one of these to focus on addressing through the use of cover crops instead of trying to solve all of them at once. Over time, you can build on your success. But aim for the small wins, having faith they will add up over time.
  • Be mindful of your equipment and resource limits. We have hot, dry summers at my farm. So interestingly, irrigation is a big challenge for me in terms of using summer cover crop crops. Same goes for sowing fall cover crops, which I want to sow as early as I can to maximize nitrogen fixation. Even though I have the equipment to sow, cultipack and terminate them successfully, if I can’t get them to germinate without water I’m at square one. If you don’t have equipment to crimp/roll cover crops or don’t have a flail mower, make sure to be strategic about the species in your mix. Have a plan for seeding, and have a plan for terminating your cover crops that is practical for your operation.
  • Nest your cover crops into your overall crop system. Your cover cropping plan has to work within the larger context of your farm plan. Part of this means being realistic about the resources (including labor) necessary to implement your cover crop strategy (see bullet point above). Part of this means being diligent about planning your cover cropping efforts as diligently as you do crops for your market. It’s all too easy in the heat of the season to bail on your cover cropping plan because some of the details aren’t quite worked out or you didn’t order seed, etc. Be intentional about making sure your cover crop system compliments versus competes with your market crop system. At my farm, tasks for cover crop soil prep, sowing, management, monitoring, and termination tasks are all included in my annual farm plan schedule. I don’t have to think about organizing or planning anything cover crop related once the season gets started; I can focus simply on implementation. 

Every farmer who wishes to utilize cover crops successfully has specific soil health needs, goals unique to their operation, and different equipment and time constraints. So while there’s no single, universally right approach to cover cropping, we can all benefit from taking a strategic approach to working with cover crops.

Picture of summer cover crop in bloom. Includes Oats, White flowering buckwheat, orange California poppies, and purple phacelia.

Summer Cover Crop Mix | A favorite combination for warm weather. Oats, Buckwheat, Poppies and Phacelia.

Bridging Experience with Research: OFRF’s New Guide to Cover Cropping

That’s why I’m so excited to share a valuable new resource for farmers: a comprehensive organic cover cropping guide developed through OFRF’s ongoing partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). This guide is designed to help farmers—whether they’re just starting out with cover crops or refining their strategies.

What makes this guide so valuable is that it’s grounded in both science and experience. It combines years of research on the benefits of cover cropping with practical, field-tested strategies from organic farmers like myself. It provides an overview of the steps for selecting cover crops, managing them through the growing season, and terminating them in a way that benefits both the soil and the farmer’s bottom line. And it offers a collection of other regionally specific resources for farmers to dive in deeper. You can also find more in depth information in OFRF’s Soil Health and Organic Farming guide to Cover Crop Selection and Management.

Whether you’re looking to improve your soil’s health, reduce off-farm inputs, support pollinators, or make your farm more resilient to climate change, cover crops can be a powerful tool in your toolkit. This guide is full of practical, research-based advice to help farmers make informed decisions about how to integrate cover crops into their systems.

By |2024-10-21T15:59:49+00:00October 21st, 2024|Farmer Stories, News|
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First Frost and Federal Deadlines

A Call for Action on Congressional Investments in Organic Research

farm field with first frost of winter

Earlier this morning we had our first frost of the year here on the farm in Vermont; late for our area yet it came all the same. The arrival of frost, whether early or late, is inevitable for the Northern regions of the country, a seasonal deadline that irrevocably holds firm. The same can’t be said for the Farm Bill or the federal appropriations process, behind their deadlines by 25 months and two months, respectively. But, both of these pieces of policy face a real deadline come December. Just as frost signals the arrival of a new phase in the agricultural year, the pending deadlines for these federal actions marks a pivotal moment for the future of agricultural research, climate resilience, and conservation programming.

Why the Farm Bill and Appropriations Processes Matter

Both the Farm Bill and the federal appropriations processes are the primary drivers of agricultural research policy, especially for those interested in organic production systems. At OFRF, our core concerns are:

  • Building resiliency to both climate and supply chain disruption through organic management and more localized food systems.
  • Investing in research for organic agriculture in order to provide answers to pressing environmental and production challenges. 
  • Supporting the expansion of organic production to meet increasing market demand for organic products.
  • Making sure organic producers, and those interested in transitioning to organic production, have the research tools and opportunities needed to thrive.

Our existing Farm Bill and Appropriations Priorities still call for both legislative vehicles to authorize and then robustly fund organic agriculture research programs that our farmers so desperately need. 

Unfortunately, progress on these crucial processes has been slow, and now Congress has just a couple short months left to meet the December deadlines. A delay beyond that will have real-world impacts—stalled funding could limit the USDA’s ability to support conservation programs, climate-smart practices, and organic research that underpins a resilient agricultural system.

Like our late first frost in the NE, increased federal investment in agricultural research is long awaited. Every dollar invested in research funding generates $20 in public benefits. Despite this high return on investment, funding for agricultural research has fallen by nearly a third over the past two decades. Today, organic produce makes up more that 15% of the total market, and yet less than 2% of USDA’s research budget is allocated to organic topics, and less than 1% of the Agricultural Research Service’s (ARS) budget is dedicated to organic research.

An Opportunity to Act During Congressional Recesses

As we’ve highlighted before, Congressional recess is a unique opportunity for you to engage directly with your elected officials, as many will be back in their home states and districts. It’s a great time to attend town halls, community events, listening sessions, or other scheduled appearances to hear from them and, most importantly, to have your voice be heard. Organizationally, OFRF is working to bring Members of Congress to organic research fields, joining with coalitions to express our appetite for a Farm Bill now, and bringing the stories of research projects to decision makers across the federal government this Congressional Recess. 

Whether you’re a farmer, a researcher, or simply an eater, this is your chance to ask questions and emphasize the importance of strong federal support for organic agriculture research. Explain that organic agricultural research is not just for certified organic operations but benefits the entire agricultural sector by promoting climate resilience and sustainable practices. Check your local news sources for upcoming Town Halls and other events with your representatives.

Questions to ask your representatives:

  • How are they prioritizing funding for organic agricultural research in the upcoming Farm Bill and appropriations processes?
  • Will they commit to increasing investments in organic research to help meet national climate, conservation, and nutrition goals?
  • What specific steps are they taking to ensure that USDA programs support organic practices and long-term soil health?

Just as we all are noticing our signals of changing seasons in our home environments, these federal deadlines mark an important milestone for agricultural policy. December is fast approaching, and how Congress decides to act will shape the future of agricultural research for years to come. To continue the growth and success of organic agriculture and the businesses that rely on it, we need public investments that support the researchers who are answering crucial agricultural questions.

If you’re interested in getting involved or want to know more about advocating for organic research investments, please reach out to us. Let’s work together to secure a sustainable and resilient future for agriculture, one where organic practices receive the support they need to benefit all.

Eat well and breathe deeply,

Gordon

By |2024-10-10T17:48:55+00:00October 10th, 2024|Gordon's Policy Corner, News|
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Farmer-Led Trials Program Spotlight: A Different Chick Farm

Written by Mary Hathaway, OFRF’s Research & Education Program Manager

Tiffany Stanley, A Different Chick Farm

A Different Chick Farm is a Certified Organic family farm on just under 6 acres in Johnson City, Tennessee. Tiffany Stanley and her family began growing food for themselves as homesteaders, but saw demand from the local community. From this start in 2018, they expanded their operation into an abundant production featuring rare and heirloom fruits and vegetables, with a large focus on unique pepper varieties. Half of the farm is now a mixed orchard, planted with apples, peaches, nectarines, cherries, plums, pears, blackberries, raspberries and more. Rounding out the offerings at this diverse farm is a flock of heritage breed chickens that are pasture-raised. 

With the help of her son and husband, Tiffany grows over 300 types of peppers, mostly to create value-added products such as hot sauces, pickles, and jellies. The farm sells their pepper products and fresh produce at two local farmers markets, and a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program. Their homesteading spirit continues to grow, as they look to limit outside inputs into the farm and build a sustainable system with on-farm fertility management. 

Producing On-Farm Compost to Reduce Inputs

A homesteader at heart, Tiffany wanted to explore how the farm could be more self-sustaining, especially in building their soil health with on-farm inputs. She was curious if the farm could make compost that could match the yields of commercial fertilizers. Building an on-farm compost regimen could help offset much of the fertilizer cost, and decrease the environmental footprint of the farm. There were a few factors that the farm considered: would the composting demand a lot more labor, would yields remain viable? As a family enterprise, there were risks in transitioning from a known and reliable yield from commercial fertilizers to a new and untested compost system.

Farm trial plan

With technical support from OFRF, Tiffany decided to get answers and compare two different on-farm compost recipes with her usual practice of applying Harmony, a granular fertilizer (5-4-3). Tiffany wanted to put her chickens to good use, so one compost recipe she wanted to try included chicken manure as the main nitrogen source for one of her compost formulas. Her second compost recipe in the trial used clover and fresh grass clippings as the main nitrogen source. Both recipes included wood chips as the primary carbon source. 

One of her best fall cash crops is cucumbers, so the trial was designed for Socrates cucumber, transplanted out from her greenhouse to be planted in a 12×24 hoophouse in mid-September. At the time of transplanting, Tiffany would apply the different treatments: Compost recipe 1, Compost recipe 2, or the commercial fertilizer, respectively.

In farm trials, it is key to keep things consistent, so Tiffany made sure to count each plant that was transplanted so that each block had the same number of cucumber plants. Once the cucumbers begin to set fruit, she will weigh the yield as well as count the number of cucumbers from each plot. She is hopeful that the results of this trial will help her work towards building her on farm fertility plans, and keep harvests bountiful. Stay tuned for updates on the farm trial outcomes and findings this fall!

“I had a friend that was retired from NRCS tell me about the program and encouraged me to apply.  I read many of the farm trials and what the program did to help organic farming and decided it was a wonderful opportunity.  I am always looking for a better, more sustainable way to farm and was so excited to get picked for this program.”  

– Tiffany Stanley, A Different Chick Farm

This story is part of a series profiling farmers who are taking part in OFRF’s Farmer-Led Trials (FLT) program. Farmers receive technical support from OFRF to address their challenges through structured on-farm trials. To learn more about OFRF Farmer-Led Trials Program, visit our website page at https://ofrf.org/research/farmer-led-research-trials/

To learn more about composting and farm fertility programs check out these resources:

To learn more about A Different Chick Farm, you can find them on Instagram and Facebook or visit their website: https://adifferentchickfarm.com/

By |2024-12-06T15:39:06+00:00October 10th, 2024|Farmer Stories, FLT Highlight, News|
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